The Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol is the world’s most widely used standard for measuring and reporting greenhouse gas emissions. It defines how organisations should classify, calculate, and disclose their emissions across: Scope 1 – direct emissions from owned/controlled sources Scope 2 – indirect emissions from purchased electricity/heat/steam Scope 3 – all other value‑chain emissions (e.g., suppliers, logistics, waste, travel) In the 1990s, companies and governments

1. What Is COSO? COSO stands for the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission — an independent U.S. private‑sector initiative founded in 1985 by five key professional associations: AICPA (Accountants) FEI (Financial Executives International) IIA (Internal Auditors) IMA (Management Accountants) AAA (Accounting Academics) COSO’s Purpose COSO develops frameworks to improve: Internal control Enterprise risk management (ERM) Fraud deterrence Corpora