GRI = Global Reporting Initiative It is an international, independent standards organization that helps companies and governments report their environmental, social, and governance (ESG) impacts in a transparent and comparable way. Short explanation: GRI provides globally recognized sustainability reporting standards that organizations use to disclose topics like carbon emissions, labor practices, human rights, waste, energy use, supply‑chain impact, and community effects.

The triple bottom line (TBL) means measuring success in three areas instead of just profit: People – social impact, fair labor, community well‑being Planet – environmental impact, sustainability Profit – financial performance Brief History Coined by John Elkington in 1994  as a challenge to traditional profit‑only accounting. Popularized in the late 1990s and early 2000s as companies adopted Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). By the 2010s, investor pressure and regul

ESG transition risk is one of the most important (and sometimes misunderstood) parts of climate and sustainability risk management. Here’s a clear summary: 🌱 What is ESG Transition Risk? Transition risk refers to the financial and operational risks a company faces as the economy moves from a high‑carbon to a low‑carbon or even net‑zero future. While “physical risks” come from the direct impacts of climate change (acute or chronic: storms, floods, heat, etc.), transit

Answer is definitely YES... Environmental, Social, and Governance ( ESG ) factors can create systematic risk when they affect the broader market or economy, not just individual firms. Here’s how it happens: 🧩 1. Mechanisms: How ESG Creates Systematic Risk a. Environmental (E) Climate change can lead to extreme weather events , resource scarcity, and regulatory shifts (like carbon pricing). These changes impact entire sectors (energy, agriculture, insurance) and supply cha