Geoengineering refers to large‑scale, intentional technological interventions designed to modify the Earth’s climate system in order to reduce global warming or offset the impacts of climate change. Two main types, SRM & CDR: Type 1: Solar Radiation Management (SRM) Goal: Reflect a small portion of sunlight away from Earth back into space so the planet cools. Examples: • Stratospheric aerosol injection – spraying tiny reflective particles into the upper atmosphere. • Mar

What is Permanence? In sustainability (especially in carbon accounting and waste management), permanence  refers to how long a material, carbon storage method, or environmental impact remains stable without being reversed . In simple terms: It measures how long something lasts without breaking down, leaking, or being re‑released into the environment . Permanence matters because long‑lasting materials (or carbon storage methods) carry different risks : • Long permanence = go