Geoengineering refers to large‑scale, intentional technological interventions designed to modify the Earth’s climate system in order to reduce global warming or offset the impacts of climate change. Two main types, SRM & CDR: Type 1: Solar Radiation Management (SRM) Goal: Reflect a small portion of sunlight away from Earth back into space so the planet cools. Examples: • Stratospheric aerosol injection – spraying tiny reflective particles into the upper atmosphere. • Mar

The albedo effect refers to how much sunlight (solar radiation) a surface reflects back into space instead of absorbing. It plays a crucial role in Earth’s climate system . Key Idea Albedo is a measure of reflectivity , expressed as a fraction or percentage. High albedo: More reflection, less absorption (e.g., snow, ice). Low albedo: Less reflection, more absorption (e.g., oceans, forests, asphalt). Example: Typical Albedo Values Surface Type Approx. Albedo Fresh snow 0.