NDCs = Nationally Determined Contributions . NDCs (Nationally Determined Contributions) are each country’s official climate‑action plan under the Paris Agreement . They outline how a country will: • reduce greenhouse gas emissions • adapt to climate impacts • track and report progress National climate‑action plans showing how countries will cut emissions and adapt to climate change. Every country sets its own targets (“nationally determined”), but must follow global transpa

1. Background and Historical Context 🌡️ The problem: By the late 20th century, scientists had reached strong consensus that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from industrial activity were intensifying the greenhouse effect , causing global warming . 📅 Key milestones: Year Event 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) signed at the Rio Earth Summit — establishing the global framework for addressing climate change. 1997 Kyoto Protocol adopted in K

COP stands for Conference of the Parties — the supreme decision-making body of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) . 🌍 In simple terms It’s the annual global climate summit where almost every country on Earth meets to negotiate and decide collective actions to tackle climate change. 🏛️ Key Details “Parties” = the countries that have signed the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) (currently around 198 countries)