What Is the Urban Heat Island Effect—and Why Is It Now a Boardroom Issue? Step into any major city during peak summer and you can feel it immediately—the air feels heavier, hotter, almost trapped. This is the urban heat island (UHI) effect in action, where cities register temperatures several degrees higher than surrounding rural areas. According to recent climate assessments, urban zones can be up to 7°C warmer, driven by dense infrastructure, dark surfaces, and limited gree

What Makes TOD Central to Today’s ESG Conversation? Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) has moved from urban planning theory into the core of ESG strategy. As cities grapple with rising emissions and social inequality, TOD offers a practical pathway—dense, mixed-use developments anchored around public transport. With urban areas contributing roughly 70% of global CO₂ emissions, the urgency is clear. Investors and policymakers are now recognizing TOD not just as infrastructure,