SAF production = the process of making Sustainable Aviation Fuel , a low‑carbon alternative to conventional jet fuel. SAF is produced from renewable or waste‑based sources such as: used cooking oil agricultural waste municipal solid waste forestry residues CO₂ captured from the air combined with green hydrogen (e‑SAF) The goal of SAF production is to reduce aviation emissions  while remaining compatible with existing aircraft and fuel infrastructure. *Remember the carbon foot

COP30 conference was held from  November 10 to 21, 2025 , in Belém, Brazil. W rapped up in Belém with a mixed but meaningful set of outcomes. The new Belém Package set long‑term direction for adaptation and just transition , while voluntary progress on sustainable fuels and carbon‑market coordination continued despite the absence of a fossil‑fuel phase‑out deal. Key Outcomes at a Glance Tripling adaptation finance by 2035 to close the resilience funding gap. A global Ju

What is Permanence? In sustainability (especially in carbon accounting and waste management), permanence  refers to how long a material, carbon storage method, or environmental impact remains stable without being reversed . In simple terms: It measures how long something lasts without breaking down, leaking, or being re‑released into the environment . Permanence matters because long‑lasting materials (or carbon storage methods) carry different risks : • Long permanence = go