What is NGFS in terms of ESG/ sustainability? NGFS stands for the Network for Greening the Financial System . It’s an international coalition of central banks and financial supervisors working together to manage climate-related financial risks and mobilize finance to support the transition toward a sustainable economy . Overview Full name: Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS) Established: 12, December 2017 Founded by: Eight central banks and supervisors, inc

What Is TPA — Total Portfolio Approach The Total Portfolio Approach (TPA) is an integrated investment management framework where an investor (such as an asset owner, sovereign wealth fund, pension fund, or endowment) manages the entire portfolio holistically, rather than in isolated asset‑class silos . Instead of focusing on traditional asset classes (equities, bonds, real estate, etc.) separately, a TPA framework considers the total portfolio’s overall risk, return, and lo

1. Background and Historical Context 🌡️ The problem: By the late 20th century, scientists had reached strong consensus that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from industrial activity were intensifying the greenhouse effect , causing global warming . 📅 Key milestones: Year Event 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) signed at the Rio Earth Summit — establishing the global framework for addressing climate change. 1997 Kyoto Protocol adopted in K

What Is SBTi? SBTi (Science Based Targets initiative) is a global framework that helps companies set greenhouse‑gas (GHG) reduction targets that are aligned with climate science — specifically, with the goals of the Paris Agreement to limit global warming to 1.5 °C above pre‑industrial levels. SBTi was co‑founded by CDP, UN Global Compact, WRI, and WW Launched in 2015 , SBTi is a collaboration among: CDP (formerly Carbon Disclosure Project) United Nations Global Compact

The IPCC stands for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , have around 195 countries as member. The IPCC is a scientific body established in 1988 by: the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) , and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) . It was created to provide objective, scientific assessments about: climate change, its causes, its potential environmental and socio-economic impacts, and possible adaptation and mitigation strategies. 📘 What It Does

COP stands for Conference of the Parties — the supreme decision-making body of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) . 🌍 In simple terms It’s the annual global climate summit where almost every country on Earth meets to negotiate and decide collective actions to tackle climate change. 🏛️ Key Details “Parties” = the countries that have signed the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) (currently around 198 countrie

⚖️ 1. What Is Net Zero? Net Zero means balancing the amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted into the atmosphere with the amount removed . In other words: The total emissions a country, firm, or individual releases ≈ the total removed through natural or technological means. How to Reach Net Zero Reduce emissions as much as possible (renewable energy, efficiency, electrification, etc.). Remove or offset residual emissions using: Reforestation and soil carbon sequestratio