Differences Between Scope 1 and Scope 2 Emissions

Category	Scope 1 Emissions	Scope 2 Emissions
Definition	Direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from sources that are owned or controlled by the organization.	Indirect GHG emissions from the generation of purchased energy (mainly electricity, steam, heating, or cooling) consumed by the organization.
Source of Emission	Occur directly from organization-operated facilities, assets, or vehicles.	Occur at the utility provider’s site (where electricity or energy is generated), not at the company’s premises.
Examples	- Fuel combustion in company-owned boilers, furnaces, or vehicles. - On-site manufacturing processes that emit CO₂, CH₄, or N₂O. - Use of refrigerants leading to leakage of HFCs or other gases.	- Electricity purchased from the grid or a utility company. - Purchased steam, district heating, or chilled water used for operations.
Control Responsibility	Fully under the company’s operational control.	Partially under the company’s influence through energy consumption choices (e.g., switching to renewable energy).
Measurement Focus	Measure and manage energy efficiency and on-site emissions controls.	Focus on energy sourcing, supplier sustainability, and emission factors of electricity generation.
Reduction Levers	1. Improve fuel efficiency. 2. Install on-site renewable energy. 3. Upgrade equipment and process technologies.	1. Purchase renewable energy or energy certificates (e.g., RECs). 2. Engage with suppliers for lower-carbon energy. 3. Optimize energy use in operations.

In Short

• Scope 1 = Direct emissions (from owned sources).

• Scope 2 = Indirect emissions (from purchased energy).

  
  

Both are part of an organization’s carbon footprint, and accurate reporting of Scope 1 and 2 is required under most international frameworks such as the GHG Protocol, TCFD.

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