The Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol is the world’s most widely used standard for measuring and reporting greenhouse gas emissions. It defines how organisations should classify, calculate, and disclose their emissions across: Scope 1 – direct emissions from owned/controlled sources Scope 2 – indirect emissions from purchased electricity/heat/steam Scope 3 – all other value‑chain emissions (e.g., suppliers, logistics, waste, travel) In the 1990s, companies and governments

Carbon intensity is a measure of how much carbon dioxide (CO₂) (or CO₂-equivalent greenhouse gases) is emitted per unit of output . It shows how efficiently a company, product, or economy generates value while managing its emissions. In business terms, it’s the ratio between GHG emissions and a relevant activity or economic unit , such as revenue, energy produced, or product manufactured. Formal Definition Carbon Intensity = Total GHG Emissions (in CO₂e) ÷ Unit of Outpu

Definition ISO 14064 is an international standard developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that provides a framework for quantifying, monitoring, reporting, and verifying greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and removals . It’s part of the ISO 14000 family of environmental management standards , which support sustainable and responsible environmental practices. Structure of ISO 14064 Standard Title Focus ISO 14064-1:2018 Specification with guidance a

In the ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) and sustainability context, CCS stands for Carbon Capture and Storage (also sometimes called Carbon Capture and Sequestration ). Definition: Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) refers to a suite of technologies designed to capture carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions produced from industrial processes or power generation, and then transport and store the CO₂ in a way that prevents it from entering the atmosphere —typically by i

ESG transition risk is one of the most important (and sometimes misunderstood) parts of climate and sustainability risk management. Here’s a clear summary: 🌱 What is ESG Transition Risk? Transition risk refers to the financial and operational risks a company faces as the economy moves from a high‑carbon to a low‑carbon or even net‑zero future. While “physical risks” come from the direct impacts of climate change (acute or chronic: storms, floods, heat, etc.), transit

What Is SBTi? SBTi (Science Based Targets initiative) is a global framework that helps companies set greenhouse‑gas (GHG) reduction targets that are aligned with climate science — specifically, with the goals of the Paris Agreement to limit global warming to 1.5 °C above pre‑industrial levels. SBTi was co‑founded by CDP, UN Global Compact, WRI, and WW Launched in 2015 , SBTi is a collaboration among: CDP (formerly Carbon Disclosure Project) United Nations Global Compact

The IPCC stands for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , have around 195 countries as member. The IPCC is a scientific body established in 1988 by: the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) , and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) . It was created to provide objective, scientific assessments about: climate change, its causes, its potential environmental and socio-economic impacts, and possible adaptation and mitigation strategies. 📘 What It Does

Category Scope 1 Emissions Scope 2 Emissions Definition Direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from sources that are owned or controlled by the organization. Indirect GHG emissions from the generation of purchased energy (mainly electricity, steam, heating, or cooling) consumed by the organization. Source of Emission Occur directly from organization-operated facilities, assets, or vehicles. Occur at the utility provider’s site (where electricity or energy is generated), n

The Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) has been a critical foundation for the development of global sustainability reporting standards. Its principles and structure have been directly integrated into the International Sustainability Standards Board (ISSB) framework to ensure a unified approach to sustainability and climate-related disclosures. The Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD)  was officially disbanded on October 2023 . T